1. US Eagle Ford Shale
Eagle Ford Shale has emerged as one of the US’s major crude oil production hubs. The shale is a sedimentary rock formation spanning 23 counties in south and east Texas. The area is around 400 miles long and 50 miles wide, and stretches across Texas from the Mexican border, covering around 20 fields. Some of the region’s most promising prospective oil and gas fields include Eagleville, Hawkville, Briscoe Ranch, Giddings, De Witt, Gates Ranch and Sugarkane.
In recent years, oil and gas companies have identified Eagle Ford Shale as a lucrative destination due to its increasing production of crude oil. The northern part of the play has abundant crude oil resources. Since 2008, development of the crude oil window has increased considerably, mainly due to the disparity between crude oil and natural gas prices.
The play comprises largely of condensates and dry gas resources – the shale having an average thickness of 250ft – situated between the Austin Chalk formation and the Buda Lime formation at average depths of 4,000-12,000ft.
2. Canadian oil sands
According to BP’s Statistical Review of World Energy 2012, Canada is ranked third in the world in terms of proven oil reserves, of which more than 96% is in oil sands. Oil sands can also be found across the globe, particularly in Russia, the US and Venezuela, but Canada possesses the largest oil sand deposits. They form a key strategic natural resource in the country, mostly located under sections of muskeg soils, prairie lands and boreal forests.
Canada recorded 175.2 billion barrels of proved oil reserves at the end of 2011, of which 169.2 billion were available as oil sands. It is estimated that 25.9 billion barrels of oil sand reserves were under development in the country at the end of 2011. This implies that Canada has substantial scope to extract further oil from these reserves.
The country’s oil sands are located primarily to the west in the Athabasca, Cold Lake and Peace River deposits. Oil sands are generally found at depths greater than 200ft, but near Fort McMurray in the Athabasca deposit, oil sands are located at the surface.
3. Heavy fuel in Venezuela
Venezuela is the second-largest developer of extra-heavy oil reserves worldwide after Canada. The country’s unconventional oil reserves are technically not considered bitumen, but rather extra-heavy oil. Although these reserves have very low American Petroleum Institute gravity, they are not as degraded as Canadian oil sands. Furthermore, Venezuela’s unconventional deposits have high temperatures in the range of 40-50ºC, compared with freezing temperatures in Canada. Due to these high temperatures, Venezuela’s deposits have higher viscosity and are easier to extract than those in Canada.
A major difference between the Canadian oil sands and Venezuelan extra-heavy oil deposits is the lack of technology and capital available in the Latin American country for the construction of heavy oil refineries and upgrades. Although Venezuela has made attempts to attract foreign investment in its extra-heavy oil industry, the initiative was only partly successful due to the renationalisation of its oil industry in 2007.
Major international oil companies, such as Statoil and ExxonMobil, entered into partnerships with the Venezuela national oil company Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA) for extra-heavy oil projects in the Orinoco oil belt; however, following the renationalisation, a mandate was introduced for new joint ventures with a minimum 60% stake for PDVSA. As a result, companies such as ConocoPhillips and ExxonMobil withdrew from their heavy oil operations in Venezuela, while some firms, including Total and Statoil, are continuing to develop their projects in partnership with PDVSA.
4. Colombian investment
As a result of the strength of global demand for Colombian commodities such as oil and gas, the country has been able to attract substantial foreign direct investment in the petroleum sector. Many oil and gas companies have become involved, including Chevron, Pacific Rubiales, Gran Tierra Energy and Petrominerales.
Colombia’s petroleum sector is expected to observe a continued flow of this investment in the future, as demand for oil and gas continues to increase in the global market. In December 2011, Chevron renewed an agreement with PDVSA set in 2007 for the supply of gas from Colombia to Venezuela. This agreement extension indicated that foreign investors are still optimistic about the prospects of Colombia’s petroleum’s sector.
5. European shale developments
Global technically recoverable shale gas resources amount to an estimated 185 trillion cubic metres. China holds the largest estimated shale gas resources, accounting for 19%. Of all countries worldwide, the US probably has the most accurately estimated resources, accounting for 13% of the global total. European countries with known shale gas reserves account for a collective share of almost 10%.
Shale gas development within Europe is limited to estimates of potential resources in place. With technology advancing and new information becoming available, the region’s estimates are also changing. Drawing inspiration from shale success in the US, European countries are optimistic about their own domestic reserves; however, differences in rock formations and shale characteristics to those in the US will be key challenges.
Shale gas exploration activities in Europe are largely confined to Austria, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Sweden and the UK. More than half of the estimated shale gas reserves in the region are located in France and Poland. Poland possesses overall technically recoverable reserves of 346-768 billion cubic metres, whereas France has estimated shale gas reserves of five billion cubic metres.
6. Petroleum in western Siberia
Of the 33 oil and gas provinces in the Arctic region, the majority of resources are located in Amerasia, Arctic Alaska, East Barents, East Canada, East Greenland, East Greenland Rift, West Greenland, West Siberia and Yenisey-Khatang. These basins account for an estimated share of more than 80% of the Arctic’s undiscovered oil and gas resources.
The western Siberian basin is considered the largest petroleum basin in the world, representing approximately 132.57 billion barrels of oil equivalent. The basin covers an area of 2.2 million square kilometres. According to the US Geological Survey, the amount of technically recoverable resources in the basin is estimated at eight billion barrels of crude oil, 670 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 21 billion barrels of natural gas liquids.
Exploration activities in the basin have resulted in the discovery of ten oil and gas fields. Of these, the Urengoy gas field and the Samotlar oilfield are the largest. Urengoy represents more than 350 trillion cubic feet of estimated reserves and Samotlar contains approximately 28 billion barrels of oil.
The Arctic Alaska basin holds the largest estimated oil deposits in the region, with approximately 30 billion barrels of oil. The second-largest oil province is the Amerasia basin, which possesses 9.72 billion barrels of crude oil. The East Greenland Rift basin is the third-largest oil province, containing an estimated 8.9 billion barrels of crude oil.
7. Deep offshore oil and gas exploration in West Africa
Angola is the most important country for the exploration of oil and gas in deep offshore West Africa. The systematic exploration of hydrocarbons in the deepwater regions started in the Congo basin in 1994.
Deepwater oil and gas activity in the area extends from Mauritania to Angola. Of the 52 oil and gas discoveries made in offshore West Africa between 2009 and September 2012, Angola accounted for 34.6%. After Angola, Ghana recorded the second largest number of discoveries, 13, during the same period.
Crude oil was first discovered in Angola in the 1970s. The country’s initial oil discoveries were made in the offshore Kwanza basin. Later, offshore regions accounted for the majority of oil and gas discoveries in the region. Aside from its shallow and deep offshore areas, discoveries are being made in Angola in ultra-deep and pre-salt regions.
8. East Africa oil and gas discoveries
Mozambique and Tanzania lead East Africa in terms of the number of discoveries made up to September 2012, with six in each country. Two discoveries were made in Kenya during the same period.
Most of the discoveries in Tanzania were offshore in the Mafia, Mandawa and Ruvuma basins. BG Group has been involved in exploration activities that have so far resulted in the discovery of five offshore natural gas reserves in the country. These discoveries include Jodari-1 and Mzia-1 in block 1. Statoil and ExxonMobil Exploration and Production Tanzania are involved in exploration discoveries including Lavani and Zafarani-1 in block 2.
In Mozambique, the majority of oil and gas discoveries were made by Anadarko Petroleum Corporation and ENI, primarily in exploration areas 1 and 4. Anadarko Petroleum Corporation has made eight discoveries in the Rovuma basin’s exploration area 1, mostly relating to natural gas reserves. ENI has made four natural gas discoveries in exploration area 4, offshore Mozambique. By September 2012, two oil and gas discoveries, Mbawa 1 and Ngamia-1, were made in Kenya by Tullow Oil.
