The discovery could significantly reduce the “trial and error” aspect of solar cell production by reducing the time spent on finding the most efficient mixtures.
Presently, chemists working to design more efficient organic solar cells rely heavily on “post-mortem” or post-manufacture analysis of the distribution of the constituent materials of the cells they produce. In other words, if they want to see how the donor and acceptor molecules within the solar cell mix and interact, they must first create the mixture and produce samples that are examined on the molecular level. The high-performance solar cells we have now, for example, were created through a labor-intensive, trial-and-error approach of developing over 1,000 material combinations and looking at the optimal processing conditions for each one.
“Forces between molecules within a solar cell’s layers govern how much they will mix – if they are very interactive they will mix but if they are repulsive they won’t,” says Harald Ade, Goodnight Innovation Distinguished Professor of Physics at NC State and corresponding author of the paper. “Efficient solar cells are a delicate balance. If the domains mix too much or too little, the charges can’t separate or be harvested effectively. We know that attraction and repulsion depend on temperature, much like sugar dissolving in coffee – the saturation, or maximum mixing of the sugar with the coffee, improves as the temperature increases.”
Ade, with postdoctoral researcher and first author Long Ye from NC State and chemist He Yan from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, set out to determine at what temperature these systems transform from two separate materials to one homogenous mixture in organic solar cells. Utilizing secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray microscopy, the team was able to look at molecular interactions at different temperatures to see when the phase change occurs. X-ray scattering allowed them to examine the purity of the domains. The end result was a parameter and quantitative model that describes domain mixing as a function of temperature and that can be used to evaluate different mixtures.
“We figured out the saturation level of the ‘sugar in the coffee’ as a function of temperature,” Ade says. “This parameter gives chemists the solubility limit of the system, which will enable them to determine which processing temperature will give optimum performance with the largest processing window.”
“In the past, people mainly studied this parameter in systems at room temperature using crude approximations. They couldn’t measure it with precision and at temperatures corresponding to processing conditions, which are much hotter,” says Ye. “The ability to measure and model this parameter will also offer valuable lessons about processing and not just material pairs. In principle, our method can do this for a given organic mixture at any temperature during the manufacturing process.”
“Currently chemists modify a molecule and use trials to see if it is a good material for solar cells, but if they have the wrong processing conditions they could miss a lot of good materials,” Ade says. “Our parameter measures the saturation level so they could determine whether the material system is good before they manufacture devices. Our ultimate goal is to form a framework and experimental basis on which chemical structural variation might be evaluated by simulations on the computer before laborious synthesis is attempted.”
